Introduction The question “Equality of What?” represents one of the most important debates in modern political theory. While most political theorists agree that equality is a fundamental value, there is deep disagreement about what exactly should be equalized in a just society. Should equality be understood in terms of welfare, resources, or human capabilities? This…
Introduction In contemporary political theory and development studies, freedom is no longer understood merely as the absence of state interference or the possession of formal political rights. One of the most influential reconceptualizations of freedom in the late twentieth century was offered by Amartya Sen, who argued that freedom should be understood as both the…
Introduction The debate between Negative and Positive Liberty is one of the most influential and enduring discussions in modern political theory. It addresses a fundamental question: What does it mean to be free? Is freedom simply the absence of external constraints, or does it involve the capacity to be one’s own master and realize one’s…
Introduction Freedom is one of the most fundamental and contested concepts in Political Theory. Among the various interpretations of freedom, freedom as autonomy occupies a central place, particularly in the works of Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill. Although Kant and Mill belong to different philosophical traditions—Kant to moral idealism and Mill to liberal utilitarianism—both…
Introduction Political Economy is a foundational approach in Comparative Political Analysis that examines the reciprocal relationship between political institutions and economic structures. It seeks to explain how power, resources, production, and distribution are organized and contested within political systems. Unlike purely economic or purely political approaches, political economy emphasizes that political decisions shape economic outcomes,…
Introduction Political Economy is one of the oldest and most interdisciplinary fields within the social sciences. It examines the complex and dynamic relationship between politics, economics, and society, focusing on how power, authority, and institutions influence economic processes, and how economic structures, in turn, shape political outcomes. Rather than treating politics and economics as separate…
Introduction Louis Althusser was one of the most influential Marxist political theorists of the twentieth century, known for reinterpreting Marxism through a structural and anti-humanist lens. His analysis of class, ideology, and power marked a significant departure from classical Marxist explanations that emphasized economic determinism and direct class struggle. Instead, Althusser focused on how capitalist…
India is an important democratic country. Nowhere in the history of human civilization, which is more than five thousand years old, has never been a democratic experiment on such a large scale as it has been going on in India since independence. The realization of the importance of India in the context of democracy is…
Appointment and controversies on the post of Chief Justice The Supreme Court in India acts as the protector of the constitution and the final interpreter of the constitution. The Supreme Court of India has extensive powers of judicial review. He can declare any law passed by the Parliament as invalid which is against the constitution….
Powers of the Supreme Court The Federal Court has a special place in the federal constitution so that balance can be maintained and the autonomy of the supreme and center and units in their respective areas can be maintained. There is a need for a court that can interpret the constitution, and settle disputes between…
