Introduction Motivation constitutes a central pillar of administrative theory and organizational behavior, influencing employee performance, job satisfaction, and overall institutional effectiveness. Among the foremost theorists on motivation, Abraham H. Maslow (1908–1970) is renowned for articulating a hierarchical model of human needs that explains the driving forces behind individual behavior in organizational contexts. Maslow’s framework, though…
Introduction Leadership remains a central dimension of administrative theory and organizational effectiveness, shaping decision-making, organizational culture, and performance outcomes. Among contemporary scholars, Rensis Likert (1903–1981) and Peter Drucker (1909–2005) stand out for their contributions to understanding leadership as both a behavioral and strategic function within organizations. While classical theorists like Fayol and Weber emphasized hierarchy…
Introduction The Ecological Approach, pioneered by Fred W. Riggs (1917–2008), represents a landmark in comparative public administration. Riggs introduced a contextual and environment-centered perspective, emphasizing that administrative systems cannot be analyzed in isolation from their political, social, economic, and cultural environments. Unlike classical models that focus on internal structures or universal principles, the ecological approach…
Introduction In the early 20th century, industrial and administrative thought was dominated by mechanistic and scientific approaches such as Taylorism and classical management. While these models emphasized efficiency, standardization, and hierarchical control, they largely neglected human behavior and social dynamics within organizations. To address this gap, the Humanist School of Management emerged, with Elton Mayo…
Introduction Decision-making forms the core of administrative theory, representing the process through which organizations select among alternatives to achieve objectives. Herbert A. Simon (1916–2001) revolutionized the understanding of administrative action by emphasizing decision-making as the fundamental unit of analysis in organizations. Contrary to classical views that focused primarily on structures, hierarchies, or rules, Simon argued…
भूमिका (Introduction) नौकरशाही आधुनिक शासन और प्रशासन का एक महत्वपूर्ण मॉडल है, जो व्यवस्थित, नियम-आधारित और पदानुक्रमित संरचना प्रदान करता है। इसकी व्याख्या विभिन्न विद्वानों ने अलग-अलग दृष्टिकोण से की है। मैक्स वेबर ने इसे एक आदर्श तर्कसंगत मॉडल के रूप में देखा, जिसमें दक्षता और नियमों के पालन पर जोर है। कार्ल मार्क्स ने…
Introduction Bureaucracy represents one of the most influential models of organized, rule-based, and hierarchical administration in modern governance. Its conceptualization has varied significantly across theorists. Max Weber presented it as an ideal-type rational model, emphasizing efficiency and procedural predictability. Karl Marx analyzed bureaucracy as a tool of social and economic power, reflecting the interests of…
Introduction Scientific Management, also known as Taylorism, represents one of the earliest systematic attempts to rationalize and optimize organizational efficiency. Emerging in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it sought to apply scientific principles to labor and management to enhance productivity. While Frederick W. Taylor is credited with the foundation of scientific management, Henri…
The New Public Service (NPS) emerged in the late 1990s and early 2000s as a values-based alternative to the managerial and market-oriented approaches of New Public Management (NPM). While NPM emphasized efficiency, performance metrics, and market mechanisms, NPS shifts the focus toward democratic governance, civic engagement, and the public interest. It stresses that public administrators…
Introduction New Public Administration (NPA) emerged in the late 1960s as a transformative response to the perceived limitations of traditional public administration. Traditional approaches, rooted in efficiency, hierarchy, and value-neutrality, had largely treated administration as a technical, apolitical instrument. However, socio-political movements of the 1960s—including the civil rights movement, widespread poverty, and anti-war protests—exposed the…
