युद्ध और शांति आंदोलनों में महिलाएँ (Women in War and Peace Movements) युद्ध और शांति आंदोलनों में महिलाओं की भागीदारी इस धारणा को चुनौती देती है कि युद्ध करना और शांति स्थापित करना केवल पुरुषों का क्षेत्र है। नारीवादी विद्वानों का तर्क है कि महिलाएँ केवल संघर्ष की निष्क्रिय पीड़ित नहीं होतीं, बल्कि सक्रिय राजनीतिक…
Women’s participation in war and peace movements has long challenged the conventional assumption in International Relations (IR) that war-making and peace-building are primarily male domains. Feminist scholars argue that women are not merely passive victims of conflict but active political agents whose experiences, labor, and activism have shaped both warfare and movements for peace. Examining…
Militarization is not limited to armies, weapons, or battlefields; it is a social and cultural process through which military values, practices, and priorities come to shape everyday life. Feminist scholars argue that militarization profoundly affects women’s lives—often in ways that remain invisible in conventional International Relations (IR). While militarization is justified in the name of…
The concept of hegemonic masculinity provides a powerful lens to understand how states and nationalism are constructed, legitimized, and sustained in International Relations (IR). Feminist scholars argue that nationalism and state power are not gender-neutral phenomena; rather, they are deeply shaped by dominant ideals of masculinity that privilege strength, control, sacrifice, and aggression. These masculinized…
Power is one of the most central yet contested concepts in International Relations (IR). Traditionally understood as the capacity of states to influence outcomes through coercion, resources, or strategic advantage, power has largely been theorized in masculinized and state-centric terms. Feminist scholars argue that this narrow understanding obscures how power actually operates in global politics—through…
Security is a core concept in International Relations (IR), traditionally understood as the protection of the state from external threats, primarily through military power. Feminist scholars argue that this dominant understanding of security is deeply gendered—both in what it prioritizes and in what it renders invisible. By centering the state, borders, and armed force, mainstream…
The debate on gender in International Relations (IR) asks a foundational question: what is lost when global politics is studied without attention to gender? Feminist scholars argue that conventional IR theories—particularly realism and liberal institutionalism—are built upon gendered assumptions that privilege states, military power, and elite decision-making, while rendering women’s experiences and everyday forms of…
The relevance of B. R. Ambedkar in contemporary India extends far beyond historical commemoration. Ambedkar’s ideas continue to animate debates on democracy, social justice, caste, religion, nationalism, gender, and economic inequality. However, this contemporary engagement with Ambedkar is marked by deep contradictions and competing interpretations. While his thought is widely invoked across the political spectrum,…
The interconnection between religion and patriarchy forms a central concern in B. R. Ambedkar’s critique of Indian society. Ambedkar argued that gender inequality in India could not be understood merely as a social or cultural problem; it was deeply embedded in religious doctrines, customary laws, and institutionalized patriarchy. His engagement with the Hindu Code Bill…
The critique of caste lies at the very heart of B. R. Ambedkar’s social and political philosophy. Ambedkar regarded caste not merely as a social custom or cultural peculiarity, but as a systematic structure of domination that shaped every sphere of Indian life—social, economic, religious, and political. His critique of the Hindu social order was…
