(Indian Context) Institutional mechanisms play a crucial role in the protection and promotion of human rights in a democratic polity. In India, this role is performed not only by courts but also by statutory human rights commissions, foremost among them the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC), along with other specialized commissions. The reports produced by…
New Social Movements and NGOs (Indian Context) The expansion of human rights discourse in contemporary India has been deeply influenced by the emergence of New Social Movements (NSMs) and the growing role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). Together, they constitute a vital segment of civil society that operates beyond electoral politics and formal state institutions. Their…
Media, Public Opinion and Human Rights (Indian Context) Civil society plays a crucial role in the protection, promotion, and expansion of human rights by acting as a bridge between the state and citizens. Among the most influential components of civil society are the media and public opinion, which together shape how human rights are understood,…
(Indian Context) The administration of justice occupies a central position in the protection and promotion of human rights in India. Courts are not merely dispute-settling institutions; they are guardians of constitutional values, individual liberties, and human dignity. In a society marked by social inequality, poverty, and structural injustice, the judiciary has often been called upon…
Role of Police, Administration, Army and Paramilitary Forces (Indian Context) The response of the state to human rights concerns is a decisive factor in determining whether rights remain constitutional ideals or become lived realities. In any modern state, institutions such as the police, civil administration, army, and paramilitary forces are entrusted with maintaining order, security,…
Refugees and Displaced Persons (National and International Context) Refugees and displaced persons represent one of the gravest humanitarian and human rights challenges of the contemporary world. Forced displacement uproots individuals and communities from their homes, livelihoods, and social worlds, exposing them to extreme vulnerability. Unlike voluntary migration, displacement is the result of violence, persecution, conflict,…
(Indian Context) Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) constitute one of the most marginalized and historically excluded groups within the human rights framework. Disability is not merely a medical condition or individual limitation; rather, it is a social, economic, and political construct, shaped by barriers in the physical environment, discriminatory attitudes, and institutional neglect. From a human…
Undertrials, Prisoners and Prisoners of War (P.O.Ws) (Indian and International Context) The condition of undertrials, prisoners, and prisoners of war (P.O.Ws) represents a critical test of the human rights commitment of states and societies. These categories involve individuals who are either deprived of liberty by the state or placed in situations of extreme vulnerability due…
(भारतीय संदर्भ) बच्चे समाज का सबसे अधिक संवेदनशील और आश्रित वर्ग होते हैं, इसलिए मानव अधिकार विमर्श में उनका स्थान अत्यंत केंद्रीय है। वयस्कों के विपरीत, बच्चे अपने अस्तित्व, विकास और संरक्षण के लिए परिवार, समाज और राज्य पर निर्भर रहते हैं। इसी कारण बच्चों के अधिकारों का उल्लंघन अक्सर उन संस्थाओं के भीतर होता…
(Indian Context) Children constitute one of the most vulnerable sections of society and occupy a central place in human rights discourse. Unlike adults, children are dependent on family, society, and the state for survival, development, and protection. As a result, violations of children’s rights often occur silently within social institutions that are otherwise considered protective,…
