DU Notes

Introduction Freedom is one of the most enduring and contested ideas in political theory. While classical discussions often focus on freedom as the absence of constraints or the presence of enabling conditions, modern political thought has expanded the concept to include historical, social, and collective dimensions. In this broader understanding, freedom cannot be reduced merely…

Introduction Egalitarianism is a central tradition within political theory that places equality at the heart of justice. Unlike minimalist views of equality that focus only on equal legal status or formal rights, egalitarianism is concerned with the deeper social, economic, and historical conditions that shape individuals’ life chances. At its core, egalitarian thought asks not…

Introduction Justice is one of the most fundamental and enduring concerns of political philosophy. From ancient reflections on virtue and law to modern debates on rights, equality, and social welfare, the idea of justice has served as a guiding principle for evaluating political institutions and social arrangements. At its core, justice addresses questions of fairness:…

Introduction Liberty occupies a foundational place in political theory, representing one of the core values around which modern political thought has evolved. From classical liberalism to contemporary democratic theory, debates over liberty have shaped understandings of the individual, the state, and the limits of political authority. At its most basic level, liberty refers to the…

परिचय (Introduction) राजनीतिक सिद्धांत (Political Theory) कभी भी एकमत (consensus) पर आधारित विषय नहीं रहा है। इसके विकास की पूरी प्रक्रिया असहमति (disagreement), बहस (debate) और आलोचना (critique) के माध्यम से हुई है। प्लेटो द्वारा लोकतंत्र की आलोचना से लेकर समकालीन उदारवाद (Liberalism), मार्क्सवाद (Marxism), नारीवादी सिद्धांत (Feminist Theory) और उत्तर-आधुनिक विचारधाराओं (Post-modern approaches) तक,…