Introduction Scientific Management, also known as Taylorism, represents one of the earliest systematic attempts to rationalize and optimize organizational efficiency. Emerging in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it sought to apply scientific principles to labor and management to enhance productivity. While Frederick W. Taylor is credited with the foundation of scientific management, Henri…
The New Public Service (NPS) emerged in the late 1990s and early 2000s as a values-based alternative to the managerial and market-oriented approaches of New Public Management (NPM). While NPM emphasized efficiency, performance metrics, and market mechanisms, NPS shifts the focus toward democratic governance, civic engagement, and the public interest. It stresses that public administrators…
Introduction New Public Administration (NPA) emerged in the late 1960s as a transformative response to the perceived limitations of traditional public administration. Traditional approaches, rooted in efficiency, hierarchy, and value-neutrality, had largely treated administration as a technical, apolitical instrument. However, socio-political movements of the 1960s—including the civil rights movement, widespread poverty, and anti-war protests—exposed the…
Introduction The Politics Administration Dichotomy occupies a foundational position in the evolution of public administration as an academic discipline. It represents one of the earliest attempts to conceptualize the relationship between political authority and administrative machinery within the modern state. At its core, the dichotomy seeks to draw a conceptual separation between policy formulation, which…
