Introduction The debate between Negative and Positive Liberty is one of the most influential and enduring discussions in modern political theory. It addresses a fundamental question: What does it mean to be free? Is freedom simply the absence of external constraints, or does it involve the capacity to be one’s own master and realize one’s…
Introduction Freedom is one of the most fundamental and contested concepts in Political Theory. Among the various interpretations of freedom, freedom as autonomy occupies a central place, particularly in the works of Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill. Although Kant and Mill belong to different philosophical traditions—Kant to moral idealism and Mill to liberal utilitarianism—both…
परिचय (Introduction) लुई अल्थूसर (Louis Althusser) बीसवीं शताब्दी के प्रमुख मार्क्सवादी राजनीतिक सिद्धांतकार (Marxist Political Theorist) थे, जिन्होंने वर्ग (class), विचारधारा (ideology) और सत्ता (power) के संबंध को एक नए और गहरे दृष्टिकोण से समझाया। उनका योगदान पारंपरिक मार्क्सवाद से अलग था, क्योंकि उन्होंने सत्ता को केवल राज्य, कानून या बल प्रयोग तक सीमित नहीं…
Introduction Louis Althusser was one of the most influential Marxist political theorists of the twentieth century, known for reinterpreting Marxism through a structural and anti-humanist lens. His analysis of class, ideology, and power marked a significant departure from classical Marxist explanations that emphasized economic determinism and direct class struggle. Instead, Althusser focused on how capitalist…
परिचय (Introduction) राजनीतिक सिद्धांत (Political Theory) कभी भी एकमत (consensus) पर आधारित विषय नहीं रहा है। इसके विकास की पूरी प्रक्रिया असहमति (disagreement), बहस (debate) और आलोचना (critique) के माध्यम से हुई है। प्लेटो द्वारा लोकतंत्र की आलोचना से लेकर समकालीन उदारवाद (Liberalism), मार्क्सवाद (Marxism), नारीवादी सिद्धांत (Feminist Theory) और उत्तर-आधुनिक विचारधाराओं (Post-modern approaches) तक,…
Justice as fairness By:- John Rawls Introduction The basic position of justice as fairness corresponds to the position of nature in the traditional theory of the social contract. It is understood as a purely hypothetical situation. The essential features of this condition are that no one knows his place in society, his class position or…
Deontological Ethics Introduction The word deontology derives from the Greek words for duty and science. In ethical philosophy, deontology is one of the types of normative theories about which choices are morally necessary, prohibited, or permitted, in other words. Deontology falls within the realm of moral principles that guide and evaluate our choices about what…
What is the point of equality? By:- Elizabeth Anderson Introduction Egalitarian political movements have historically conceived of their goals. Egalitarian political movements oppose hierarchy. They emphasize the equal moral worth of individuals. This claim does not mean that everyone has the same qualities and talents. She goes. Negatively – This claim reiterates differences in moral…
Equality of opportunity By:- Rawls Equality of opportunity means the absence of any type of hereditary and special class. That is, there should not be any artificial basis of discrimination among people in society like birth, religion, caste, color, gender, etc. So that in the absence of encouragement to merit in society, one does not…
Value of Equality (Bernard Williams) The idea of equality the idea of equality occupies an important place in political debate. It mainly renders two ideas:- First: All people should be equal, that is, all people should also be equal. Second: All people should be treated equally. Both views have their importance. On the one hand,…
